Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) E

Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)AbstractWashing and constant cleaning, an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD often goes undiagnosed. Patients obsessively wash, check something or hoard things to relieve themselves of an overwhelming anxiety, and are fully aware their behavior is abnormal. This research studies a 23-year-old married woman who sought intervention for a implike washing and cleaning problem and how the patient was treated. I will discuss how the patient was diagnosed, and treated with a form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy or CBT (exposure and response treatment) and what medications can be used for treatment.Vickie, a 23 year-old married woman arrived with the company of her husband. Vickie had a problem with severe had washing and cleaning. She would wash her custody up to 30 times a day for at least 5 minutes each time. She always had the feeling that her hands were not very clean, she might touch the side of the si nk after she rinsed her hands and then think they were dirty again. She also took two showers a day for up to 50 minutes or until all the hot water was gone. Other things she did to make herself feel clean is use alcohol to wipe things down that she would come into converge with, like her car seat before she set in it. She has been unable to seek employment as a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) collect to her symptoms. I conducted four initial sessions, session one and two were to seek nurture about the history of her symptoms, obsessional content, including external and internal fears cues, beliefs about consequences, and information about passive avoidance patterns and types of rituals (Levenkron, 1991). I also requested Vickie before our next session to record all washing and cleaning that she did, including wiping things with alcohol. She recorded all(prenominal) time she washed, how long she washed, what made her wash, and how anxious she was before she washed. This kind of r ecord will help us identify any sources of contamination she may bugger off gotten and we can also use it to measure her progress during treatment the third session was devoted to personal and family history the fourth session was devoted to treatment planning. During the first three therapy sessions Vickie talked about her experiences of recurrent and persistent ideas, thought, impulses, ... ... to obtain anti-obsessional effects. Studies done to date suggest that the following dosages may be necessary Luvox (up to 300 mg/day), Prozac (40-80 mg/day), Zoloft (up to 200 mg/day), Paxil (40-60 mg/day), Celexa (up to 60 mg/day), and Anafranil (up to 250 mg/day), (Jenike, 1999b). ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual(a) of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC AuthorEngler, J. & Goleman, D. (1992). The authoritative guide for making informed choices about all types of psychotherapy. The Consumers Guide to Psychotherapy. New York, NY Simon & Schuster/FiresideLevenkron, S. (1991). Treating & Understanding disabling Habits. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. New York, NY Warner Books.Jenike, J. (1999a). How to select a Behavior Therapist. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Available http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf_0003.htmJenike, J. (1999b). OCD medication Adults. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2001, from http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1050a.htmObsessive-Compulsive Foundation How is OCD treated. Retrieved November 14, 2001, from http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1030a.htm

Cousin Marshall and the Role of Responsibility, Charity, and Suffering

first cousin Marshall and the Role of Responsibility, Charity, and SufferingHarriet Martineau, in her story Cousin Marshall, addressed the separate spheres of work and responsibility amid a husband and wife in the figures of the Mrs. Bell and Mrs. Marshall. Martineau intended the story to act as a lesson to her readers and this is reflected in the dualistic portrayal of the two women. Cousin Marshall is portrayed as the height of womanly responsibility and suffering dapple Mrs. Bell is portrayed as a blight on society. Martineau depute the financial management of the household to women. While she did indicate that it was the husbands role to bring in wages, it was the wife who was responsible for maintaining and managing the expenses of the household. Mrs. Bell turns away her childs children after their mother dies saying dont expect me to put any such dead weight on my husbands neck (Martineau 11). Marshall objects with the fact that Bells husband earns better wages than hers (11). In this exchange, Martineau places the decision within the context of the respective families financial concerns. The place of charity arises in Marshalls discussion with Mrs. Bell. You have found the gentry very kind to you this year so much so that I think the least you can do is to keep these children from being a burden on the rates (Martineau 12). The particular phrasing that Martineau selects here is of particular interest. Her expostulation is non one of sympathy for the children but to prevent them from being a burden on the rates (12). If sent to the workhouse, Martineau argued, it would fall upon the state to support the children, airlift the rates that good, hardworking people pay, often to their... ...dissolute to mock at those who prize independence, and who bind themselves to self-denial that they may practice charity.(129)Thus, it is the womans responsibility not only to live responsibly, but live by example in a role of quiet victimization.Marti neau clearly had a strong political order of business in writing this story, however in doing so, she addresses the fundamental difference she sees in the roles of responsibility in marriage. In her mind, the husband and the wife have clearly defined roles, not so much along lines of production, but rather in terms of the household. That which is in the household, whether it is the domestic duties or financial responsibility, falls to the wife while it is the husband who is responsible for the income stream.Work CitedMartineau, H. Illustrations of Political Economy No. VIII. London Charles Fox, 1832.

The Quest for Nothing in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankens

A Quest for Nothing in Shellys Frankenstein The last chapter of Mary Shellys Frankenstein concludes Victor Frankensteins search for the monster. His obsession with finding the wretch leads him into the most unsheathed territories in the world, led on with clues left by the monster itself. The motive for his quest goes beyond the desire for revenge, but is shaped over the primal train for Victor to become the ideal self. The monster, in which Victor placed his most intense hours of isolated contemplation, represents, if not the unconscious then at least an issuance and a means for the fulfillment of Victors dark repressed wishes. Victor therefore is bent on achieving the wholeness that was ravaged instantly and for always in the pliant stages of his mental growth, specifically the mirror stage.(Reed 64) In the mirror stage, the spark of knowledge, which will ultimately mark the splitting of the self, infuses the child at the moment when the child, still in state of dependency, id entifies its reflection in the mirror. The child is then left to the mercy of the gigantic and fiendish realization that it may never again become structured with the ideal-I, or as Jacques La raise names it, the Gestalt. The Gestalt represents the rigid structure of the overcomes entire mental development, an ideal goal that cannot be obtained, and the subject will only rejoin the coming-into-being of the subject asymptotically. This is to say that at the moment when the child views its reflection in the mirror, it is doomed by eternal distance from the exemplary self, the fully functioning and accessible mind, and can only hope to arrive infinitely closer to becoming it. Lacan emphasizes that the subject must realize the impossibility of b... ...ts in nothing. Works Cited and ConsultedBloom, Harold. Mary Shellys Frankenstein. New York Chelsea, 1987.Botting, Fred. do monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991.Boyd, Stephen. York Notes on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Longman York Press, 1992.Garber, Frederick. The Autonomy of the Self from Richardson to Huysmans. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1982.Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988.Marcel, Anthony J. Conscious and Unconscious Perception. Cognitive Psychology 15 (1983) 197-237Reed, Kenneth T. A Freudian Note on Shelleys Frankenstein. Literature and Psychology 19 (1969) 61-72.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

The Sacrifice of Life :: essays research papers fc

A simple definition of sacrifice is to give up something for the pursuit of something else, whether it is for another human life, for an idea, or even for a belief. She was 17 years old. He stood glaring at her, his weapon before her face. Do you believe in God? She paused. It was a life-or-death question. Yes, I believe in God. Why? asked her executioner. But he never gave her the chance to respond. The teenage girl lay idle at his feet. (DC Talk 17) This example of a sacrifice really happened at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO, on April 20, 1999. In the story Iphigenia and in todays society, justification can be found in favor of the sacrifice of life for the lives of others, for the sake of ones country, and for ones religious beliefs.First, one can see the importance of the sacrifice of one life in order to save many more. In the Grecian tale, Iphigenia is agonistic by her father and the multitudes of Grecian soldiers to sacrifice her life in order to appease the god t hat controls the winds. Her inner struggle consists of the desire to live verses the knowledge of the feature that if she doesnt die, her family will be executed along with her. Iphigenia must decide which is more important in the grand scheme of things. Her decision to die is exactly made because she realizes that she is the sacrifice for the ones she holds dearest to her heart, her own family members. This devotion to her kindred is her reason for willingly giving her life. As Achilles speaks with Iphigenia about her decision, he notices the nobility and courage that she is set forth in order to make such a huge sacrifice. This courage is much like the courage that is shown in the sacrifice of lives today for others.When inquisitive todays society for those that show courage and nobility like that of Iphigenia, one acknowledges the work of the firefighters and police departments. Every time a person of this transaction leaves their station in lieu of a call, they are potentia lly sacrificing their lives for the lives of others. The many possible things that could happen to one of these workers while on the field could put them in a situation where their safety is questionable. It is understood that this worker must sacrifice his or her life for whatever person that is in need of help.

Cloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation Essay -- Biolog

Cloning An Option for Endangered Species ConservationReview of the LiteratureGeneticists get it on that the technology of cloning lies in the palm of their hands, and itsuse on domestic animals and now endangered species has already proven successful (EndangeredSpecies Fields-Meyer and SeamanHolt et al. Lanza et al. Trivedi). The call into question I ask now isthis Will cloning be used in the conservation of endangered species? This very question hassparked debate between the scientific community and many conservationists. Contrary to thevalues set forth by many conservationist groups, my research suggests that the cloning ofendangered species is, in fact, a feasible option in their preservation and repopulation. Most of thesources I have used in my research have supported the idea of using cloning to remodel animalpopulations or at least obtain viable DNA from endangered animals. The prominent scientistsBetsy Dresser, Robert Lanza, and Philip Damiani of the Advanced Cell Technol ogy laboratories inWorcester, Massachusetts, expressed their optimism nearly cloning endangered species in thearticle Cloning Noahs Ark. Dresser and Lanza were also quoted in several online news sourcesI used as well. They conclude that ergonomics might offer the best way to keep someendangered species from disappearing from the planet (Lanza et al). As my research suggests,cloning endangered species will sure have its benefits in keeping these populations alive, anoption which conservationists cannot deny.These scientists I have mentioned do not ignore opposition to their scientific claimsfrom conservationists skeptical of the uses of cloning and leery that it utilization will deter humansfrom restoring natural habita... ...//www.reproduction-online.org.silk.library.umass.edu2048/cgiLcQntent/full/127/3/317.Lanza, Robert P., Betsy L. Dresser, and Philip Damiani. Cloning Noahs Ark. Scientific American283 (2000). Academic Search Premier. 22 Oct. 2005&db=aph&an=3664004.Ryder, Olive r A. Cloning advances and challenges for conservation. Trends in Biotechnology20.6 (June 2002) 231. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. DuBois Library, Amherst, MA.22 October 2005rect=true&db=aph&AN=7799659&site=ehost-live.Trivedi, Bijal P. Scientists Clone First Endangered Species A Wild Sheep. National GeographicNews. 29 Oct. 2001.14 Oct. 2005 1/10/1025 TV sheepclone.htm.

Cloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation Essay -- Biolog

re-create An Option for Endangered Species ConservationReview of the literary productionsGeneticists know that the technology of clone lies in the palm of their hands, and itsuse on domestic animals and now endangered species has already proven successful (EndangeredSpecies Fields-Meyer and jackfruitHolt et al. Lanza et al. Trivedi). The question I ask now isthis Will cloning be used in the conservation of endangered species? This very question hassparked debate among the scientific community and many conservationists. Contrary to thevalues set forth by many conservationist groups, my research suggests that the cloning ofendangered species is, in fact, a viable option in their preservation and repopulation. Most of thesources I have used in my research have supported the idea of using cloning to rebuild animalpopulations or at least obtain viable DNA from endangered animals. The prominent scientistsBetsy Dresser, Robert Lanza, and Philip Damiani of the Advanced Cell Technology la boratories inWorcester, Massachusetts, explicit their optimism about cloning endangered species in thearticle Cloning Noahs Ark. Dresser and Lanza were also quoted in several online news sourcesI used as well. They break up that Biotechnology might offer the best way to keep someendangered species from disappearing from the planet (Lanza et al). As my research suggests,cloning endangered species volition surely have its benefits in keeping these populations alive, anoption which conservationists cannot deny.These scientists I have mentioned do not ignore opposition to their scientific claimsfrom conservationists skeptical of the uses of cloning and mistrustful that it usage will deter humansfrom restoring natural habita... ...//www.reproduction-online.org.silk.library.umass.edu2048/cgiLcQntent/full/127/3/317.Lanza, Robert P., Betsy L. Dresser, and Philip Damiani. Cloning Noahs Ark. Scientific American283 (2000). Academic Search Premier. 22 Oct. 2005&db=aph&an=3664004.Ryder, Oli ver A. Cloning advances and challenges for conservation. Trends in Biotechnology20.6 (June 2002) 231. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. DuBois Library, Amherst, MA.22 October 2005rect=true&db=aph&AN=7799659&site=ehost-live.Trivedi, Bijal P. Scientists Clone First Endangered Species A Wild Sheep. National geographicalNews. 29 Oct. 2001.14 Oct. 2005 1/10/1025 TV sheepclone.htm.

Spirituality & Story

While growing up in an environment that was more conducive to pain and suffering than to enjoying life it was easier to challenge believers to show me perfection consequently to actually see Him around me. Id say, close your Bible and prove to me God endures. I always received one of three responses. Usually, I would get a bewildered st atomic number 18. The second response was for me to just look around because God was all about me. Finally, the believer might tell me that God moves in mysterious ways. I truly hated this final response.If I had been born two-thousand years ago, I would have persecuted and thrown stones at Christians. As suggested I would look around, and I could not have faith or believe in a God that allowed so much pain and suffering to exist in the world.I would hear people say after surviving some great tragedy, or natural disaster, or loss of life that God was observation after them. My question was, where was God when the hurricane was blowing your house aw ay? It didnt make sense that God would be with one person provided not their neighbor who drowned in the storm.Epicuras question concerning God and evil seemed legitimate Is he willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is impotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then is he malevolent? He is both able and willing? Whence then is evil. (163) Of course this delves into the freewill/theodicy argument. Within the Christian tradition people are free to make their own choices. And there are negative or positive consequences associated with freewill. Just as there are negative and positive consequences associated with rejecting or accepting Christ.During a particularly despondent time in my life, a friend offered me a Bible, some rather smooth-tongued advice, and a pastors phone number. She said Christ would help me, but I needed to ask him into my life and for him to help me. So I began reading the Bible, and I called the pastor. If I asked a question, he answered it knowledgably.An d I began praying. Gradually my mood and outlook on life did change. God is everywhere, but he premier(prenominal) has to live in the heart. Works Cited Pojman, Louis. THE PROBLEM OF EVIL. Philosophy of Religion An Anthology. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1994. 163.

Commercial. An effective advertisement Essay

Commercial. An impressive advertisementIntroductionAn effective advertisement appeals to the consumer. It should be fitted to mother and influence their perception of a product. This document evaluates a McDonalds franchise advertisement and its effectiveness where it is able to capture the efficient working spirit in the staff and consequently the overall high table service delivery to the customers. The non-homogeneous feels that facilitate the effectiveness in the advert will be highlighted.The advert begins with the go-ahead of a McDonalds outlet early in the morning. One is able to recoup it is the morning since there is the scene of a rising sun and a clock reading six. The staff washbowl be seen readying themselves to get into action. Ones curiosity is aroused as to what they are up to and indeed the action begins which in this case is the preparation of the various food products. The notable foods in the beginning include coffee and eggs which make one deduce that they are preparing breakfast. The action continues to increase with the next scenes showing the workers now in full swing each attending to their various tasks. Different foods can be seen and heard sizzling in their preparation areas as hygienic as the cranking of the preparation utensils such as the deep frying grill. The various items cosmos alert include the foods McDonalds is renowned for which in this case include fries and burger meat. After preparation of the food, the workers then package the various foods. One is able to recollect they are the different orders made by the customers. The orders are packed in trolleys to be taken to the counter and delivered to the customers. From packaging the scene changes to the counter where one can see a line of pay points each cosmos manned by a staff. The staff can be seen executing the various orders in this case keying them into the cash registers. The customers then get served with their different orders and they can be seen e njoying. The staff action around the outlet continues up to the nighttime with customers coming in and going until closing time which is symbolized by a background of lights going out in a big city.Apart from being attracted to the frenzy of action by the staff in the advert, one cannot miss other appealing aspects in this case the background music and the colors. All the action takes go under with roughly instrumental background music. One is able to associate the selfsame(prenominal) with the McDonalds stores. In the colors, McDonalds stores use the red and yellow colors as their theme. The same has been well blended and distributed in the advert. The staffs black uniform makes it hard for one to miss the yellow and red logo of the McDonalds. The packaging of the foods also takes place in the famed McDonalds red and yellow package boxes.With all the staff action, one is able to see that the advert clearly shows the product being advertised in this case the McDonalds food outle ts. The product is prominent in the ad as one is able to identify and see the various foods offered by the outlet such as burgers, fries, hamburgers, drinks such as coffee and ice-cream in their different stages such as preparation, packaging and even their consumption.The target food market audience for the advert is the popular population as one is able to see the children, the youth and the old enjoying the various foods offered in the outlet with the effective service of the staff. With the kind of business the McDonald franchise transact, in this case a food related one, one is able to identify the target market as the general population since food appeals to all. The customers base varies in this case the old, the young, the youth and the spirit aged. The actors in the ad include people of different ages in this case the young, the middle aged and the old. The use of the same is significant in that the outlet wants to create an appeal to the different age groups seeing that food is a common aspect in all of them.Evaluating the ad and the objects in it, the ads duration is 54 seconds in which time I felt that it was effectively managed in sending out the intend message to the intended audience. With an ad, the main object being marketed should be well displayed throughout the ad. The same is effectively utilized with the objects in the ad depicting McDonald products and the effective service accompanying the same. For the product, there is a big McDonalds sign at the opening seen of the ad, the clearly visible logos in the staff uniform, the foods being prepared, the use of McDonalds theme colors in the packaging and the closing scene with a McDonald sign outside an outlet. For the service, the staff can be seen in their various work stations efficiently carrying out their tasks.I felt that the ad was able to effectively reach out to the intended audience. This is because the ad is able to focus on the specific product they want to market in this case McDonalds food outlets in the hands of an effective staff. The execution of the same is carried out in a way that it is systematic as all the actions follow each other consequently. The opening of the outlets, the food preparation, the packaging and the consumption are actions that are able to appeal to one to try out the product in such a well-managed setting.ReferencesMcDonalds Working Together To Make Your solar day Better. Online video commercial. You Tube. You tube, 13 Aug 2012.Web. 27 Jan 2015. https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZCbvpJ4O6cSource document

Hate Speech Essay

Hate lyric is a form of communication that discriminates against one person or one group. Hate speech is a condition for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against someone based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. The landmark covers written as well as oral communication. (USA Education Guides). In many countries, the in force(p) to free speech is guaranteed under the constitution, however, it is a pay that should non be used to discriminate, abuse or undermine other people. Many people do misuse of the rights that they declare in a democratic monastic order and it can often hurt others in many ways. Although freedom of expression should be respected, abhor speech is a form of discrimination that should be punishable by law. Many people believe that freedom of expression gives them the right to talk about absolutely everything and they can really talk about everything, as long as it does not discriminate against another person. Hate speech ridicules and belittles people who do not need to hear it. Freedom of expression has to be a limit the right of freedom of expression is not absolute because it can influence the other people life. People cannot say anything calumnious or slanderous without consequences, standardized be punishable by law. As a famous phrase says your right ends where the others right begins. It means that the right of a person ends from the moment that this person interferes negatively in the life of another person. The right of people is about their own lives. People have the right to have w detestver views they would like. However, having a view and mistreating others argon two very different things. A person can have any view they like as long as it is simply their view. According to Marsden Rachel, In support of a democratic community, people can do anything they want until their behavior violates anyones freedom. Thenceforth, the govern ment must to intervene in, if only to keep individual freedom. If the government doesnt intervene in those situations, when interference would be required to adjust the situation, indeed the situation can stay out of control until the time when major providences will be taken. (Rachel). People who defend abominate speech think that the inn should know how to deal with the opinions of others but they forget that people who be discriminated against can be excluded from company because of hate speech.People should learn to listen to criticism, which can be constructive, not insults, which are malicious. Criticize a person can be a good thing, giving opinions to improve the person and it something that should be done, with respect, by everyone. aggravate is a verbal violence which aims to humiliate and belittle others. People became isolated, can get sick and sometimes may commit self-destruction when they are victims of hate speech because it can change their behavior. According to a research conducted by some professors in the Syracuse University, correlation between hate speech and suicide rates remains constant. Some people committed suicide after be victimized by the society due to sexual orientation, race or religion, for example (Correlation). When a person practices hate speech, it can influence other people to do the same thing, like a snowball effect, change magnitude the withdrawal of discriminated people from society and friends. Everybody has the right to raise children according to their familys beliefs. However when parents teach their children to discriminate against other people, hate speech will disperse around the world children should not be raised to discriminate others. Children should learn from birth that discrimination of other people is wrong regardless the religion, for example, and that everyone is equal because children are the future of society.This idea about ridding children of hate speech should be a global consensus. Child ren should play with other children of another religion, race, colour, ethnic, origin or sexual orientation, for example. It is Copernican because the children should learn with different people and new cultures to see that hate speech is not necessary because all of them are equal. Familys beliefs are to keep the family tradition and raise children, and a familys beliefs must respect other familys beliefs. Some people think that anyone who does not belong to predetermined standards by society should be eliminated from society. This kind of thinking can be considered the most advanced stage of hate speech and it can reach dangerous proportions. Genocide is an fundamental action caused by hate speech and it is one of only a few kinds of attitudes that is identified as a crime under international law, interchangeable to other cruel crimes. People must learn to accept, to adapt and to live together with different people. The world would be boring if everyone was the same in everyth ing. each person has a role in society and nobody is more important than others. A person has the right to be like the person is and he or she should not change to please others. Everyone has to realize how dangerous hate speech can be and the consequences that it can generate. According to Arthur Joyce, hate speech is a harmful thing that can affect the peoples behavior because of its strength. The violence can also be caused by words, not only by physical violence and an example for it is the killing of the people who promoted abortion in the USA. Hate speech develops separation and bigotry it also damages people who are discriminated. (Joyce & Tatchell) Just because a person is different and is out from societys standards, this person must not be discriminated against, humiliated nor required to listen to hate speech from others just because the others can say anything they want. Therefore, people who practice hate speech should be punished by law. Freedom of expression must have a limit, children can be raised according to familys beliefs, but respecting others, people must learn to live together with others and people who practice hate speech should be punished in order to have a society with justice and equality where people are united and without discrimination. Hate speech is not only hurtful but it can kills discriminated against people in its most advanced stage. Think of hate speech as a distemper with a cure. The cure is education and awareness together with personal empathy for others. Every people who practices hate speech and offends others should be punished by law with imprisonment, attractive or volunteer work, depending on the case.Works citedArthur Joyce, Peter Tatchell. Argument Should hate speech be a crime? New internationalist. Dec 2012. New Internationalist Magazine. 25 Jul 2013. Correlation between hate speech and suicide rates remains constant. News Medical, 13 Aug 2004. http//www.news-medical.net/news/2004/08/13/4050.aspx. 29 J ul 2013.burnish of American Academic Terms. USA Education Guides. . 25 Jul 2013. Hate speech. Article 10. . 29 Jul 2013.Marsden, Rachel. Your Rights End Where Mine Begin. Copyright 2011. . 29 July 2013. Slick, Matt. What is Hate Speech?. CARM. . 30 Jul 2013. When is it hate speech? 7 significant Canadian cases. 12 Oct 2011. CBC News. 24 Jul 2013.

Investing in Education Is the Most Effective Way to Reduce Poverty Essay

Investing in reproduction is the most effectual way to reduce poverty In some ways this is a difficult statement to assess. There is no doubt that schooling is a key initiative in the reducing of poverty. Whether it is the most effective is harder to say for sure. We raise easily confirm correlation in the family relationship between reduced poverty and increases in factors such as culture and health. heretofore it is no simple task to measure and compargon the level of impact a component such as educational activity has on poverty. There are many factors and variables that influence the poverty of a country and many of these factors influence one another, strengthening or weakening their individual effects and implications. heretofore afterwards researching the topic I feel I agree with the statement. Before I continue to argue my stance on the title statement I get out discuss the basic problem of poverty and the accepted policies and solutions. mendicancy is arguably the greatest obstacle facing development countries in the world today. Poverty john be defined in two ways absolute poverty and relative poverty. The absolute poverty of a country relates to the number of people who piss a standard of living below a certain level. In essence it is a persons inability to command sufficient resources to carry through basic human needs.This quantity of resources is c completelyed the poverty line. Relative poverty on the other hand refers to the income share of the poorest section of society (Tara Mitchell, 2012). Absolute poverty shag be abolished by directly raising the living standards of everyone in a country above the established level poverty line. Relative poverty and can just now be combatted by reducing the gap between the rich and the poor so that the poorest section of a society receives an acceptable dowery of the total income. In other words disparity is the obstacle to overcome. Growth is the key initiative in ending absolute po verty in maturation countries.Aid can be supplied to help boost living standards temporarily but growth and development allow countries to support themselves. Growth has a irrefutable correlation with reduction of absolute poverty. Investment in areas such as education, health and grammatical gender equality induce growth within earlier confront developing countries ( world Health Organisation, 2008). It is not as clear with relative poverty as it is a share of total income received by the poorest section of society. It can only be reduced not eradicated, by lowering difference. However many experts differ in opinion on whether reducing inequality has a positive effect on growth. There are two main types of inequality. The first, structural, which relates to historical factors of social divide and infrastructure is definitely severity for growth, as it moderate people to predetermined sectors with no drive to innovate.The other type, Market inequality has a much more ambiguous relationship with growth. Some argue that inequality is necessary for growth as there are incentivises people to achieve more. In terms of the most extreme poverty and basic growth, the reduction of inequality seems to be a positive approach (M. Ravallion, 2005) Health and education are important objectives and components of growth and development. For developing countries these two objectives are pivotal in the early eradication of poverty. There is a positive correlation between the number of years of schooling and both income and growth (Cohen & Soto, 2007). In terms of health (which is normally measured in life expectancy at stemma or daily per-capita calories) there is withal a positive correlation with increases in income (Heston, summers & Aten, 2006).This change magnitude income and/or growth would be seen as direct reduction in poverty. It is difficult to determine whether health or education has a stronger effect on income. This is because they are both heavily intertw ined and overlap in many regards. It is found that change magnitude investment in health boosts education and vice versa (Bloom, 2007). In Miguel and Kremers 2004 paper they examine the effect of de-worming programs on Kenyan primary school kids. The investigation, which randomized more than 75 schools, shows that the de-worming lowered absenteeism from school by one-quarter in the manipulation group and also improved health and school participation in students who were not included in the program (Miguel & Kremer, 2004).In 2005 at the UNs World Summit, the international community pledged half the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 outlining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These are a series of eight dead lined targets, most of which aim to eradicate the root causes of poverty worldwide. These goals highlight the main gos in which poverty appears hunger, education, inequality and discordant health related problems. These are therefore the main areas tha t investment is made to reduce poverty (UNFPA, 2005). The eight MDGs are eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, Achieving commonplace primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality rates, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global league for development.Looking at these MDGs, which area of investment would be most effective in reducing poverty? You can see from the above goals that health is a dominant issue, as many of the goals can be attributed to health deficiency problems. It is also true that hunger is maybe the most important and fundamental form of poverty and so must be invested in foremost. Strong investment in improved agriculture practices and technology can stabilise extreme hunger and famine. Gender equality is vital for general welfare of all people but it also gives women an equal control within marriages and families helping to reduce birth rates and HIV levels. When women can negotiate their reproductive health decisions with men, this gives them greater rights and increased decision-making in families and communities that bene proceeds all.This enables people to have fewer children and helps to stimulate development. The average per-capita income increases, as families are smaller and income is shared. Also countries with the most rapid increases in population and the high fertility levels generally have the highest poverty levels (UNFPA, 2005). In my opinion education is the most effective investment. As well as being a major component of growth and development it also provides a foundation for all the other battles against poverty. Health and education are invariably interconnected. Educating and informing people to learn about and maintain their own health is as important as the medicine and infrastructure provided.It also provides an educated population to provide future health resources. Educati on also gives sustainability to policies aimed at eradicating hunger and starvation e.g. modern sylvan methods. A well founded education formation is a platform to give men and women the knowledge and information needed to combat overpopulation and the spread of crippling diseases such as HIV/AIDS. In any form method of fighting poverty the quality is just as important as quantity. There is petty point in continued investment in these areas if there are not efforts made to remove and improve on the current inefficiencies. With both education and health many problems have arisen from poor implementation of programs. The lack of fine and accurate systems has seen a lot of invested resources squandered.Absenteeism has been the plight of both health and education efforts in developing countries consistently worldwide. In Uganda 27% of teachers were found to be absent on a daily basis. Likewise, in Indonesia, 40% absenteeism in primary health clinics was occurring daily (Pratham, 2006 ). Furthermore, even teachers who attend may not very be in class in India, only two-thirds of teachers present in school were actually teaching (Kremer et al, 2004). So what is going wrong? Firstly, there doesnt seem to be any strong repercussions for teachers with poor attendance. In a survey of 3000 Indian government schools astonishingly only one school reported firing a teacher for poor attendance (Pratham, 2006).There are certainly systems in place whereby theoretically, supervisors record absences and deal out punishments accordingly. Some even implemented this on an incentivised reward and punishment basis. However most studies reflect that schemes implemented with a supervisor making judgements at his/her own sagaciousness, do not work. This may seem like a more feasible system, allowing a human agent to determine the severity or genuine nature of the reasons for absent teachers. But absences in local communities responsible for self-monitoring and accountability were si mply not reported (Pratham, 2006). It is unambiguous that institutions providing public services are very complex and focusing on the details counts.Governments and organisations involved in these areas have to continuously adapt and innovate the systems to fit there region, country and people. There are systems that do appear to be working. They are most notably impersonally monitored and accounted. One study in Rajastan, India where machines were employ to check teachers in and provided an incentivised pay system establish on attendance with external monitoring. This cut the growing problem with attendance in half (Seva Mandir, NGO). surprisingly some of the most successful systems are not teacher incentivised. For example a girls science program run in Kenya offered scholarships based on high test scores.The result showed a large academic improvement throughout the age group, even boys not included in the scholarship improved their marks dramatically. There was also a signifi cant rise in attendance of teachers, though causality cannot be guaranteed, this is presumably due to increased student motivation to learn (Kremer, Miguel, & Thornton, 2007) Often the most absentee reducing methods are found to be the most cost effective also. What is for certain is that supervisors cannot be allowed discretion to determine rewards. The system must be impersonal. Successful application of such systems can be found in Brazil and Mexico. In Brazil it is know as conditional cash transfer (CCT), this idea was based on Mexicos original Progressa system. It provides financial support to families for food, school and medical expenses and is weighted conditional on the attendance level (Economist, 2005).Another system known as local accountability with teeth, where locals have the authority to hire and fire themselves has also a lot of potential and most importantly it reduces cost of financial incentive (MIT, 2010). This problem has been subject to great debate and inves tigation amid governments and agencies involved with the reduction of poverty in the developing world. It is widely acknowledged that improvements in the absentee rate in both schools and health care centres would lead to better living standards in struggling countries. A 2008 study showed that when teacher attendance rose from 58-79% this coincided with a 7% point increase in the number of girls able to write (Duflo, Hanna & Ryan, 2008).However it is not as clear if amendments to absentee levels in healthcare lead to more patients attending clinics (Bjorkman & Svensson, 2007). According to a similar surprise survey visit to schools and healthcare centres on India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador and Peru checking up on attendance changes and their affects, the results showed a doubling of the countrys GDP resulted in an 8% pt. decline in education absences and only a 3.8% pt. fall in healthcare absences(Chauhury et al, 2006). This shows that whilst health and education both have positive responses to improved attendances, education changes have a stronger positive relationship with GDP (Income) than the health attendance changes.Having read and studied a number of papers and articles on the issue, I am of the opinion that investment in education is the most effective way to reduce poverty. Whilst health issues dominate the main forms that poverty appears in, I feel that a sustainable and affective health system can only be established after there is a strong foundation of education already in place. The same can be said for all problems associated with poverty and so the returns on education investment are wide reaching and long lasting. Education also has a more effective response to investment and absentee improvements than health.It is the basis for a countries future stability every developed country in todays world has a strong education system right up to 3rd level. It is crucial investment needed by developing countries to have and advance basi c education services to help build all facets of a countries growth. With a more educated population the problems at the roots of poverty can be tackled. Starvation, disease, gender equality, income and the overall quality of life can improve and be maintained without external aid. This is why I think the statement is correct that investing in education is the most effective way to reduce poverty.Bibliography* Lecture slides EC3040A, Tara Mitchell, 2012* Human Rights, Health & Poverty Reduction Strategies, World Health Organisation 2008 * Reducing Poverty and achieving Sustainable Development, United Nations Population Fund, 2005 * Growth and human capital good data, good results, D.Cohen & M. Soto 2007 * Penn World Table, version 6.2, Centre for International Comparisons of Production, Income & Price A. Heston, R. Summers, & B. Aten, 2006 * Inequality is bad for the poor, M. Ravallion, World Bank, 2005 * Education, Health and Development, D. Bloom 2007* Fighting Poverty What Works? Pratham 2006* Missing in action Teacher and Health work absence in developing countries, N. Chaudhury, J. Hammer, M. Kremer, K. Muralidharam & F. Halsey Rogers 2006 * Power of the people Evidence from a randomized field experiment of a community based monitoring project in Uganda, M. Bjorkman & J. Svensson 2007 * Incentives to Learn, M. Kremer, E. Miguel, R. Thornton 2007 * New thought about an old problem, The Economist 2005* Poverty Action Lab, Abdul Latif Jameel, MIT 2010

The Journey of Two American Girls

The Journey of Two American Girls Laura Logan ENG125 Introduction to Literature (AFG1301A) teacher CarlaMcGill February 4, 2013 How can an African American and a Hispanic little filles be treated distinct when they are the same type of individual? I chose the theme of quicken and ethnimetropolis when I selected the rimes What Its Like to Be a downhearted Girl by Patricia metalworker and Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales. I am a Hispanic person with an African ancestry. I speak fluent Spanish and English and take for suffer action from both sides of the continent.The poems show how African American and Hispanics American immature womans animateds were affected based on their race and ethnicity. The keep of the African American lady friend life was affected because of her race and racism while the life of the Hispanic American girl life was ( non) affected because of her ethnicity. While both the African American and Hispanic American girls were born on Am erican soil, racism affected the African American girls way she lived her life while ethnicity (heritage) played a major role in Hispanic American girls life.The poem What Its Like to Be a Black Girl is about a nine year old African American girl who life was immensely affected by racism and the fact that she was a girl did not help her either. The thing that I poster was missing is where is the girls parents during the time she was growing up maybe it was the author intent not to mention the girls parents. Growing up is tough enough as a black girl, you add the absence of parents and throw in racism, this girl does not make believe a chance to live a successful life. jibe to the American Heritage College Dictionary, racism has two meanings.First, racism is, The belief that race accounts for differences in human pillowcase or faculty and that a particular race is superior to others. Second, racism is, Discrimination or prejudice based on race. The African American girl health was effectuate by racism, she was conditioned to be ashamed of her skin color, the texture of her hair and ethnicity. In her mind she think the only way the coccasion people pass on remove her is if she expression comparable them. According to Bhui, (2002) Racism is a fundamental cause of disparities in health.Its myriad effects and links to other solves of social stratification campaign to it organism both obvious and masked. Its boundaries are indistinct because it is internal as well as external, individual as well as ecological, and shunned while being an integral part of dominant culture ideology. Its investigation is important and yet part of the spiders web that traps the best thinkers of ethnic minorities in thoughtfulness instead of action and this brings us to the final paradox, bring ining racism is a prerequisite of beating it (p. 3). I get the feeling that the black girl not only felt that at nine she was not finished, but perhaps she could into a different p erson other than the person she was then. The African American girl definitely had mental heath issues, she wanted white skin and blue eyes, something that was stimulateing of the culture of that time. According to Smith (1991) Its being 9 days old and feeling like youre not finished, writes Smith, like your edges are wild, like theres something, e realthing, wrong. (line, 4).According to Smith (1991) the black girl she refers to in her poem is feeling the awkwardness of her newly changing proboscis and the hope of something different and maybe better to come (p 283). Some people would say that the African American girl understands her body, but I would say that she is not ready for her body changes perhaps because of who she is or want to be and that is to look like the other girls in the society in which she lives. The life of the Hispanic girl in the Child of the Americas is so different from that of the black girl in the What Its Like to Be a Black Girl.I stated that I have live on both sides of the Americas, and like the Hispanic girl in Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales, According to Dictionary. com ethnicity is ethnictraits, background, allegiance, or association relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, linguistic, and certain other traits in common relating to the compartmentalization of mankind into groups, especially on the basis of racial characteristics denoting or deriving from the cultural traditions of a group of people.I must say that I have experience little to know racism. In the Hispanic society we are free mentally and physically to be want ever we want to be without restrictions being place on us girls. The Hispanic girl understand who she is and where she comes from. The one thing I notice about the two poems is that the author in this poem mention the girls mother and grandparents, which indicates that there is a withstand system in place to deal with life situation. The Hispanic girl im pertinent the African American girl was dashing of her body and her light-skinned mestiza.Morales (1986) states that I am a child of the Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many a(prenominal) diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads. I am a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known (p. 278). (Morales, 1) shows that this girl knows who she is and accepts that she is different than what she may exit e genuinelyday. She is proud of her Puerto Rican heritage, proud to be of multi-racial descent, proud to be from the islands.She knows where she comes from and where she has is going. In Child of the Americas, the girl proudly states she is, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean. (Morales, 2) The girl in this poem lets us know from the beginning that she is a girl of mixed race. She is strong and confident in her abilities. She enjoys life and reckons to be well educated and well versed. Her social fellowshi p could be middle class to wealthy with parents that worked their way out of poverty. A product of the ghettos of New York I have never known. Morales, 5) I speak English with passion its the tongue of my mind, a flashing knife blade of cristal, my tool, my craft. (Morales, 7, 8) I recover when my daughter was in elementary school and she took a knife to school for protection and she was the tallest student in the school. Patrica Smith, the author of the poem Whats it like to be a Black Girl discusses the challenges the African American girl has with identifying the changes her body is going through with(predicate) as she is growing up. The African American irl does not appear to know what is going on, or perhap just do not want to face the future because of who she is, the color of her skin, the texture of her hair and the color of her eyes. Smith (1991) states that Its finding a space between your legs, a disturbance at your chest, and not knowing what to do with the whistles, its jumping double dutch until your legs pop, its sweat and Vaseline and bullets, its growing tall and wearing a lot of white, its smelling blood in your breakfast. (p. 278).According to Myers (2002) African American women noted dispirit satisfaction with professional lives, differential and negative treatment from colleagues, and greater feelings of isolation on campus. Such isolation carries with it important implications Literature shows that the rate of progress and elevate among African American women is slower than that of African American men and white women. Isolation and lack of effective mentoring processes are direct do works in these low promotion and tenure rates as well as low retention rates among African American women in academia (Williams-Green and Singh, 1995).The state of mine she was in due to racism and her lack of support from her family especially a father figure, made it very hard for her to be a good judge character when it came to her selecting or bei ng selected by the male persuasion. The Hispanic girls life is total contrary to the African American girls life. My young life was very similar to the Hispanic girl. She was very aware of her growing up and her body changes. She had a support around her as she was growing up and she was deeply grow in her heritage and proud to shake it and speak her mind when needed.It even up sounds like the Hispanic girls even like literature as she like the relation of poetry. Morales (1986) indicated that Spanish is my flesh, Ripples from my tongue, lodges in my hips the language of garlic and mangoes, the singing of poetry, the flying gestures of my hands. I am of Latinoamerica, rooted in the history of my continent I speak from that body p. 278). The author kind of implies that the Hispanic girls enjoys having a good time dancing and living the Latinoamerica life sort.The poem What Its Like to Be a Black Girl the girl is continually getting older and bigger and changing her clothing, to w ear white clothing trying to look like the society who is display racism toward her. She want to wear white like a new bride, which symbolize purety. She has seen a lot of racism in her life and based on the fact she want to be Caucasian or at least look like them. She only see African American in a negative way. The mood of the black girl is somber and sad because every phase in her life there is know one for her to talk to or lift her spirits.The Hispanic girl in the poem Child of the Americas is elated about where she came from, like me, she is probably bilingual and honeys the fact that she is Puerto Rican and unlike most Hispanics she is Jew. Accoring to Morales (1986) the girl is a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known. An immigrant and the daughter and granddaughter of immigrants. I speak English with passion its the tongue of my consciousness (p. 278). The Hispanic girl can relate to more than one culture and have multiple races t o identify with she has many races and loves them all.The African American life leave alone aways be in termoil and does not know how to resist a man when they are not right for her. The first man that reaches out to her, she just gave in to him without any resistance. On the other hand, the Hispanic girl life was all line up for, like most Hispanic women she was determined in life and had the will power to resistance a bad situation and move away from it. The Hispanic girl was very secure about who she was and what she wanted to go and had the support of her family, unlike the black girl who was not sure of who she was and how she was going to get there.The poems were completely opposite when it came to the style as they sent different messages to the reader. The style is the mood or attitude reflected in a literary work. The What its like to be a black girl, the style is that of confusion, uncertainty, and sadness. She doesnt understand whats happening to her body or just do not want to except it because of the racism she has face in her life and why she look like the people who are mistreating her because she does not have blonde hair and blue eyes.The style of Child of the Americas is that of a proud heritage, love of self, and accepting who you are and proud to be what you are. She loves who she has become and where she comes from. She understand her body and uses it to her advantgage. The biggest difference I see in the two girls is that one had no family support and really know heritage to fall back on and the other had great support and how they saw themselves. in the way they perceive themselves. The black girl did not know that black is beautiful and to be proud of your heritage and who you are.She is lacking role models that she can live or look up. Unfortunate she lived in an era where racism was allow to thrive, which lead to discrimination because of the color of her skin. The poem Child of the Americas by Aurora Levins Morales is about social diversity. It is about a person like myself coming from Central America. I was born in Panama, where we did not experience racism until I came to the United States. According to Morales (1) I am a child of the Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads.Like the character in the poem I to am the child of the Americas, except my skin in dark brown and I am proud of my Spanish heritage and teach it to my children. I have African in me, but I am not accepted as an African because I speak fluent Spanish and English. African American do not accept me as an African American because I speak Spanish. Morales (18) also indicates that I am new. History made me. My first language was spanglish. I was born at the crossroads and I am whole (p. 278).Racism is a belief in racial superioritythe belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferio r. Racism affected how minority girls were treated and the lack of a good quality education. It seperates us from our fellow man. Rather than trying to improve our society or our nation we are spend more time aruging with or neighbors who are of a different ethic background. Racism divides us instead of bringing us closer together. We then create cities seperated by race, and prefer to stay in our own city with fellow people of our race.The country becomes further divided, one group of people on one side and another group of people on the otherside. blemish is a irrational dislike of somebodyan unfounded hatred, fear, or mistrust of a person or group, especially one of a particular religion, ethnicity, nationality, cozy preference, or social status. People had a preconceived notion about African American people which had a negative affect the girls of that culture. The African American girl experienced prejudice based on the fact of her being a person of color, not because of her actions.The theme in the poem What its like to be a black girl, is that of confusion, uncertainty, and sadness. The theme of Child of the Americas is that of hope, loving your self for who you are.. The poem Child of the Americas did not display any racism or prejudice even though that is not the case for an minority girl in the middle nineteen hundreds in which I experience. The Hispanc girl was just the opposite, there were no boundaries place on her because of her skin color and what ever she dream she wanted to become she could of without prejudice.Her family taught her to be proud of her Hispanic heritage, to be very prideful of the fact that she is bi-lingual and from the island of Puerto Rico. I was raise to very proud of where I am from and do not forget my family heritage. According to Morales this girl is proud of her Hispanic background and her religious affiliation (1 6) I am a child of The Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, bo rn into this continent at a crossroads. I am a U. S.Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known (p. 278). The girl in the poem Child of the Americas proudly explain that Spanish is in her flesh as Morales (1986) states that In recognition of the Spanish influence and in credit of the land that used to be part of the America from which people of Spanish and American descent have intermingled and shared their culture. Spanish influences such as religion, tradition, and food are treasured by Latin Americans who are very proud of their heritage. They are Americans (n. p. Morales also indicated that the girl was proud of the other countries she was a part of to include Africa, Europe. We all know that soon that will be a minority of people from America because of it is a melting pot and their will be no typical American because Americans came from a melting pot of culture. Their multiple cultural heritage, tradition, and influences and there are a combinati on of people to form the American culture. The African American girl seem to be unaware of the changes her body was going through, perhaps because of her situation she was into.In the poem, Whats it like to be a Black Girl, Smith (8) talks about the things that are happening with the girls body, as she is developing. Its finding a space between your legs, a disturbance at your chest, and not knowing what to do with the whistles (p. 283). The Puerto Rican girl was very aware of her body and proud to show it off and with the African American girl it was the total opposite perhaps because of the way she was treated and not allow to grow up without restriction place on her through racism and prejudice.One might wonder how will that affect her mindset as she get older, if I am mentally free in my mind to do what I want to do, my whole outlook on life will be different. The poem What Its Like to Be a Black Girl Smith says, the girl is getting bigger and taller and want to wear white cloth ing to supplement how she is feeling and while wearing white clothing everyone will accept her. The white clothing represent the good things in her life and black represent everything that is bad in her life.The African American girl, now a women and matrimonial at the end of the poem, her life appeared headed for trouble because of the upbringing she had. There seem to to be know one lift up the girl when she was going through the trouble time of her young life and all the obstacles that was in her way. The disparity between the two girls is very obvious in the way they saw themselves. It was very sad that the African American girl did not have a good role model to tell her that black is beautiful and be happy with who you are. It would of been nice for her to have a big sister she could of looks up.The poem never really identified a support person she could count on even though we know there was someone there for her. Living in the 1950s was already rough for all minorities, espe cially before the Civil Rights Movement. The girl in Child of the Americas, seem to always have a great support net around her at times and you could see it in her attitude and the way she carried herself. The question I will continue to ask myself is who or what is responsible for the way minority girls viewed themselves? One girls seem to have a good support group around her and the other one did not.What cause the struggles of an African American girl an a girl who is from the territorial of the ground forces so differently? The racism and prejudice minority had a major affect on how African American and Hispanic girls viewed themselves. The big question is who or what affected the girls the most in their growth from a young girl to a young woman. References Clugston, R. W. (2010) Journey into Literature. Bridgeport Education San Diego, CA. http//www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=122370 http//mybestessays. com/what-its-like-to-be-a-black/ http//leecustodio. hubpages. om/hub/Chil d-of-the-Americas-An-analysis-on-a-Poem Difference Between Ethnicity and zip http//www. differencebetween. net/science/nature/difference-between-ethnicity-and-race/ Racism and Mental Health Bhui, K. , (2002) Racism and Mental Health. Philadelphia, PA Jessica Kingsley Publishers Denton, N. A. , & Villarrubia, J. (2007). Residential segregation on the island the role of race and class in puerto rican neighborhoods. Sociological Forum, 22(1), 51-76 Myers, L. (2000) Broken Silence Voices of African American Women in the Academy Westport, CT Greenwood PressStyle in poetry involves the method which a poet uses to convey meaning, tone, and perception in his/her poem. Content, now, gets a little more tricky. Content is idea-based and means What the artist meant to portray, what the artist actually did portray and how we react, as individuals, to both the intended and actual messages. Additionally, field of study includes ways in which a work was influencedby religion, or politics, or soc iety in general, or even the artists use of hallucinogenic substancesat the time it was created.All of these factors, together, make up the content side of art. Form means The elements of art, the principles of design and the actual, physical materials that the artist has used. Form, in this context, is concrete and fairly easily describedno matter which piece of art is under scrutiny. What type of prejudices did minority girls went through in the mid nineteen hundreds. Who or what is responsible for the way minority girls viewed themselves? How was the struggles of an African American girl an a girl who is from the territorial of the USA so differently?The racism and prejudice minority had a major affect on how African American and Hispanic girls viewed themselves. The big question is who or what affected the girls the most in their growth from a young girl to a young woman. pointed out or The young African American girl felt as though she had to dye her hair blonde and wear contac ts to be excepted by the society of that time. She is growing up trying to live a life as someone else what her to look without truly knowing herself and her heritage.

Attendance Requirement in College Essay

Attending college is supposed to signify freedom to make choices regarding education. However, many students who plans to last out their education realize that college does not give this freedom. In some countries, college students are expected to attend classes that they have register. However, should attendance be authorisation in college? level though some believe that college attendance should be flexible, I believe that college attendance should be mandatory. The first reason why college attendance should be mandatory is the lack of discovering.For example, Students who attend regularly classes have better opportunity to understand the courses what are done in class, while students who do not attend classes testament not understand. Also, because students who attend regularly the classes understand the courses, they have a better chance to have good grades during test. On the contrary, students who do not attend classes, and do not understand the courses they get bad grades during test. Indeed, college attendance should be mandatory to help all the students understand the courses.Another reason why college attendance should be mandatory is it shit relationships. College attendance build relation between students and students. In college, there is many ways to meet friends that you can count on in the future such as joining a club, or in class. Students who do not attend college classes will not have these opportunities. College also build relation between students and teachers. Students who attend classes have the opportunity to come their teachers.Teachers have the same opportunity to know their students, and that relation between them will help the teachers to know the students lacks and find ways to help them. On the other hand, students who do not attend school will be stuck with his lacks. Opponents believe that mandatory attendance policies does not go under life lesson categories. If students do not show up at the classes, they register that will not affect them in the real world. However, I believe it does go under life lesson categories.If students get into the habit of not showing at classes, they register that will affect them in the real world. For example, if you do not show at work, you will be fired. College attendance should be mandatory to avoid that habit. In conclusion, College attendance should be mandatory to help students understand their course, to build relationship between students/ students and students/ teacher and to avoid bad habit. Nowadays, many students are skipping classes. In my opinion, college attendance should be mandatory.

In Cold Blood – the court case

Defendant of clutters In todays grounds a young girl, named Susan, tells a story of how an innocent, well known family get murdered. In this plea for justice she describes the hole family as respectful, social and family oriented. The individual characters argon described in a way that makes the jury feel the connection between them as a family , except the case also involves two individuals without whom we would not be here today- the murderers, Perry and pecker.If we compare the mannerisms in which the inspector (who examined the case) talks about the family and these two we acknowledge that Perry and dick are seen very negatively and given the label, killers Whereas he talks about the clutters as though they were his family which then forces the jury to feel a connection to them and thus hold from the offenders Perry and Dick. Firstly lets talk about the man of the family, herb Clutter a respected man among his society. Herb is recognised as a wealthy and successful man who earned his wealth and status rather than being given it. world a family man meant that his family also respected him a lot, they would never hold up to talk back end to him. Mr Clutter was a perfectionist he was brilliant at every t train he dealt with making sure he worked to his full potential. In addition to his hard working attitude he was also a very social man his name was everywhere suggesting he was widely known in his society. Moreover he was a good employer who never exploited his employees. Herb Clutter was a man of dignity and truth he never lie and he always stuck to the rules laws were laws.Additionally he was an intellectual man who majored in agriculture. Knowing all this just makes the act of murdering him all the to a greater extent sinister, suggesting that he was shown shabbiness and that the two responsible for the crime should pay the consequences. Later on the barrister mentions Herbs wife, Bonnie Clutter. He uses this member as a minor detail in the case bonnie is not seen or thought of as very important in the story thus not mentioned as more than. However when she is mentioned, she is described as a weak and unhealthy person -completely opposite to her husband.Your honour if we now take a look at herb clutters wifes medical report we develop that Bonnie Clutter suffers from depression which affects her health in many ways. She is also very timid and reclusive. Bonnie is a very different character to Herb as she is very unhealthy, both mentally and physically on and off psychiatric patient as quoted by a valid source suggesting her constant illness. Being ill majority of the time does not help the fact that she may not be totally sane Do you like tiny things? , this irresolution is not something that a mentally stable person would ask, also her tone of saying it would make her sound mentally unstable.Now what I would like to ask off mr. hickock and his ally is what pleasure did they gain room killing such a fragile thing? What e njoyment could they possibly seduce felt in committing the sin? Now your honour I would like to introduce you to a very special young lady, someone who valued happiness, someone who helped everyone, someone who was breathing in to the town of Holcombe, someone who died a horrible death and that someone who is vital to this case.Nancy Clutter, the daughter of Herb and Bonnie Clutter. We are told that Nancy is a 16yearold teenager who undergoes more responsibilities than an average teenage girl. She was pretty and likeable shown by the views of the citizens of Holcombe town darling and pretty girl. Nancy made it her responsibility to cook for the family and too help the society as much as she could. Also she did all this willingly, would have willingly. As mature as Nancy was she was very respectful of her father, she would obey his every command and never talk back to him.Overall Nancy is seen as a very efficient and accomplished young lady who was never vain and hence i asked the question what did she do to deserve such torture? Lets not forget just before killing the innocent teenage girl the offender Mr. hickock had wanted to rape her. Luckily he was stopped but imagine the pain this girl must have endure having two strangers in her home causing harm to all the masses she loved the most. This girl was only in her teens and her life ended their for her.Nancy clutter had so much potential and so much to give to the world, yet she wasnt nevertheless given the chance. This was all down to two killers with a greed for money and wealth and they are among us today Perry and Dick Perry smith is proved to have a mind of a criminal his desire for money suggests a certain criminal quality and his skill to be continually self conscious allows him to be very manipulative. Consequently increasing the similarities between him and a criminal. There is no doubt that Perry committed this crime. Many have described him as a natural killer- without conscience.Perry is a s hort man- under the average height of a man of his age. Thus may feel the need to try harder to feel the characteristics of a man. Also Perry is an achoholic which totally goes against the one thing that Herb clutter would not endure. In addition Perry is a dreamer and has also been involved with the police in the past which suggests a huge contrast to herb as he would never go against the law. perry was seen to have said Cost me 30 bucks which is clear march of his materialistic view and his love /desire for money.Nevertheless if we look closely at something that has been said regarding Perry, a dictionary buff we recognise that wishes to be intelligent and so he reads the dictionary in order for him to wait smart using complex vocabulary. However he does not show this through his actions. At a young age Perry also could not, for whatever reason, educate and this left him feeling neglected and unworthy, this maybe the reason for his life of crime but it does not alleviate what he has done. If he wished to educate then he could have done other things to accomplish something with life, he had no excuse to lead the life he has.The last character Truman introduces is Perrys partner in the murder of the Clutters, Perry Hickock. Although this character may not be as successful as Herb Clutter, he was more accomplished than Perry. Dick was a 28 year old mechanic, who came from a descent background he had been married and divorced twice and had three sons. Dick is created as more humorous and quick-witted than Perry- with more life in him. Truman Capote introduced this character to seem less devious than Perry he did not seem like a criminal from his introduction.Although he was still distanced from the reader as the reader wanted to emphasise the death of the Clutters later in the book. He wanted the readers to form a pleasant view of the Clutter family before they died for the scene to seem more dramatic and to get the readers to sympathise more for the victims . The author of this book, Truman Capote, introduced the scenes , the characters and a little bit of the story in a way that allowed the reader to form a link ,whether it be negative of positive, between them and that of the characters.

Economic Analysis of Crop Diversification Essay

in that respect is a dramatic change in the earning, spending and saving pattern of the people of India in the position reform ( scotchal) period that is post 1991. During this period, income generating mechanism in this country underwent massive changes. With a sustained economic growth, rising per capita income along with an ever increasing population, the dietary pattern in India is also changing real fast. The Indian food basket is diversifying in favour of high value food commodities like fruits, vegetables, dairy grow products, poultry products and fish products from staple food such as rice, wheat and coarse cereals. This raises a contest to Indian land. On the other hand the modern agriculture dominated by chemical and irrigation intense levying system has not only raised productivity but simultaneously has also resulted in soil erosion, water contamination, pesticides poisoning, land degradation d wholeness water logging and soil salinity, depletion of bio-diversi ty, etcetera, forcing farmers to apply ever-increasing doses of fertilisers and to tie water supply available on a continuous basis, in order to maintain the productivity levels.This again raises another challenge to Indian agriculture. It may not be wondering if we assume that constitutive(a) farming system may generate such situation to address both the challenges mentioned above. This paper is refer with an analysis of stray variegation under organic and inorganic farming in west Bengal. do diversification is different from the concept of multiple harvest-feastping or succession planting everyplace the growing seasons. Moreover, it implies the accustom of environmental and human resources to grow a mix of operates with complementary marketing opportunities. Thus, it implies a shifting of resources from moo value crops to high value crops such as fruits, vegetables, etc. The concept of crop diversification in globalized market of agricultural produce refers to increase the total crop productivity in terms of quality, beat and monetary value under different specific agro-climatic situations across the world.There are two approaches to crop diversification in agriculture. First is horizontal diversification, which is the primary approach to crop diversification in end product agriculture. The approach takes place through crop intensification by adding new high-value crops to existing cropping systems. Thus, the approach facilitates the improvement of general productivity of a farm or farming economy of a region. The second approach is the upended diversification.Under this approach, farmers and others add value to products through processing, regional branding, packaging, merchandising or other efforts to enhance the farm-product. The opportunities for crop diversification may vary depending on risks, opportunities and the feasibility of proposed changes within a socio-economic and agro-economic context. However, crop diversification through su bstitution of one crop or mixed cropping / inter-cropping may be a useful asshole to mitigate problems associated with aberrant live on to some extent, especially in the arid and semi-arid drought-prone / dry land areas. concern of crop diversificationCrop diversification is intended to practice of growing more than one crop (or enterprise) in any class to increase financial and biological stability of the farm. In the agricultural context, diversification can be regarded as the re-allocation of some of a farms productive resources, such as land, capital, farm equipment and paid labour, into new activities. These can be new crops or livestock products, value-adding activities, provision of serve to other farmers, etc. On the other hand, diversification of agriculture refers to the shift from the regional dominance of one crop to regional production of a number of crops, to meet ever increasing demand for cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, etc. It aims to improve s oil health and a dynamic equilibrium of the agro-ecosystem. Crop diversification takes into account the economic returns from different value-added crops. Crop diversification can better tolerate the ups and downs in the market value of farm products and may ensure economic stability for farming families of the state.The adverse effects of aberrant weather, such as erratic and scanty rainfall and drought are very common in a capacious area in agricultural production of the state. Incidents of flood in one part and drought in the other part are a very frequent phenomenon in the state. Under these aberrant weather situations, dependence on one or two major cereals (rice, wheat, etc.) is always risky. Diversification in agriculture has tremendous impact on the agro-socio-economic condition and uplifting resource-poor farming communities. It generates income and employment for rural youth year round for the ultimate benefits of the farmers in the state. It implies the use of local reso urces in a larger mix of several(a) cropping systems and livestock, aquaculture and other non-farm sectors in the rural areas.Problem statementThe yield as well as farm income is the essential part for crop diversification for the farmer of an agricultural based economy like westside Bengal. Normally, the farmers diversify farm enterprises to meet the cash requirements of the family and to mitigate risk associated with mono-cropping, depending on conventional wisdom over the years. The crop diversification in the state is also considered with greater emphasis from the view point to scathe response, market infrastructure, availability of resources and public interventions (price and credit policies of farming business, research and development in farming activities, etc.) in agriculture.The judicious crop mix has facilitated increased farm incomes. It has also contribution towards the utilization of under assiduous resources to mitigate seasonal and under unemployment of rural la bour force. The crop diversification has also helped to reduce risks and uncertainties in crops yields due to climatic and biological vagaries. Thus the study was conducted to analyze the extent of crop diversification at different levels of farm size as well as crop growing seasons in West Bengal for both inorganic and organic farming systems, commonly followed by the farmers in the state.

Job hunting after graduation Essay

If youve left university and dont yet watch a business concern, here argon tips on creating an action plan for finding work. Its widely ack presentlyledged that its harder than it employ to be to land your first graduate job, and more people now find they argon graduating with come in a job to go to straight away. If you be one of them, dont panic. Take the opportunity for a short rest, then focus on what you domiciliate do to retrace things happen.1. Keep lookingThe close word for graduate job hunters is that employers atomic number 18 now recruiting all year round. Traditionally, most graduate jobs were advertize in the autumn milkround, with many students having a job offer before they sat their finals. These days, graduate employers atomic number 18 more likely to advertise on an ad hoc basis, as jobs become available or as they repay plusal budget for recruitment. So dont stop looking.The gradireland Summer Fair that takes out each June in Dublin is a chance to me et employers who did not fill all their jobs in the autumn or who learn new va sack upcies.Use the same va cornerstonecy sources as when you were at university gradireland.com, your cargoners returns website etc. But dont just rely on these spread your net as far as possible. 2. NetworkTell everyone you know that you be job hunting be equal to(p) to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships make them. The more contacts you make, the more likely you are to find out just about opportunities and meet people who can help you.The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you regard to work for a few carefully-written applications are more efficient than hundreds of standard letters.Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pussycat of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry youd like to work in. go int spend all summertime on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make new contacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry youre interested in, procedure everything to meet new people. Start a blog done well, it could be a trustworthy addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills.3. give for internships in that respect are several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from trinity months to a year. Some offer earnings on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation some raze give an opportunity to work oversea for a while.Some of the main schemes currently available are2. NetworkTell everyone you know that you are job hunting be open to any suggestions. Start with family and friends, then build new relationships through them. The more co ntacts you make, the more likely you are to find out about opportunities and meet people who can help you.The majority of job vacancies are not advertised, so word of mouth can be very valuable. It can also be worth making speculative applications. These work best when they are targeted to an organisation that you have researched and know you want to work for a few carefully-written applications are more effective than hundreds of standard letters.Work experience or voluntary work can also widen your pool of contacts and provide a foot in the door of the industry youd like to work in.Dont spend all summer on Facebook. Use a range of social media to make newcontacts and find out about new opportunities. Follow employers on LinkedIn, search Twitter for news of the industry youre interested in, use everything to meet new people. Start a blog done well, it could be a good addition to your CV by highlighting your expertise, creativity or networking skills.3. Apply for internshipsThere ar e several internship programmes now available, many aimed specifically at graduates. These tend to vary from three months to a year. Some offer payment on top of your benefits while others carry accreditation some even give an opportunity to work abroad for a while.Some of the main schemes currently available areIrelandJobBridgeFAS Work Placement ProgrammeIBEC Export Orientation Programme potash alums for International Growth (G4IG)Northern IrelandGraduate Acceleration ProgrammeApplying for internships via an official programme gives you a degree of security. You may, of course, also find an internship by applying outright to the employer. Its advisable to be aware of your employment rights and the Congress website is a useful source of information.Internships are not just a stop-gap on the way to a permanent job as a taster of a particular sector they can also help you to choose which career you in the end would like to pursue. Whatever you do, you will gain new skills and experi ence to add to your CV.4. Improve your employabilityRemember that you can still get help from university careers services after you graduate either at your own university or, if youve locomote back home, another higher education institution. Make an appointment if you need adviceon how to develop and grocery your skills or to improve your CV.Despite the downturn, there are still areas where there are skills shortages and unfilled vacancies. If you have the aptitude, consider upskilling, perhaps through a conversion course in IT, or by knowledge a language. Lifelong encyclopedism is now considered essential even for those already in work, so if you have spare time use it to read and learn about the area of work you want to get into.Work on your employability skills writing, administration, team-working, communication etc. Youll be in a strong position if your job applications can demonstrate these qualities.Consider voluntary work as a way of adding to your portfolio of experien ce and learning new skills. There are opportunities for short and long-term involvement, whether its helping out at a local organisation or working for a national charity.5. Be open to opportunitiesRealistically, it may not be immediately possible to get a graduate-level job. If something else is available even if it is a casual or temporary job try to use it as a stepping stone.A job in admin or customer support could lead to a more senior position in the same fellowship later. It will let you prove that you have workplace experience and a good work ethic, and can give you transferable skills to add to future job applications.Dont overlook small businesses. There are a lot of them, so add up to a major force as employers. They may not advertise specific graduate vacancies but can be a good environment if youre at the beginning of your career as there is often more tractability to learn new skills.6. Dont give upTaking a year out or signing up for postgraduate study may be tempt ing as a way to postpone looking for work. They are worth considering if you are sure that you can demonstrate subsequently the benefits to employers. Otherwise, think carefully about whether this will help in the long term.Its not inescapably the easy route, but the best course of action may be to stay put, stay substantiative and stay persistent. If things arent going well, review your progress and ask for help and support if you need it.

Awareness and Adoption of E Banking in Pakistan

Abstract This study aims to understand customers perception towards credence and awargonness of electronic cussing in Pakistan. The outcomes would help the policy makers to develop effective strategies for future outlook of electronic banking in a country. The results apprize that banks customers in Pakistan perceive electronic banking as a tool for minimizing inconvenience, minimizing guess of carrying cash and time saving. Customers and believe that electronic banking increases chances of presidential term access to public data, increases chances of fraud and data losses.It reduces cost and save our unique time. There are also some limitations of e-banking as it requires skills to operate it and passwords can be hacked. This research opus discussed that race of Pakistan are well aware of electronic banking but they are non satisfied with the run provided by the bank and they also feel risk in that ser valetudinarianism thats why they affirm more(prenominal) on employe es. It contains take issueent demographics and their association with research headings. The results conclude that various customers segments do not differ in opinions towards benefits and risks associated with e-banking.This paper also includes recommendations in which it describes that what strategies the banks should choose to increase the bliss of customers Keywords electronic banking e-banking customers perception hook onion Pakistan, e-banking in Pakistan, e-banking, SMS banking, automatic teller machine I. INTRODUCTION The developments taking place in information and communication engineering science are increasing competition in pecuniary institutions worldwide. Development of electronic distribution convey in financial industry has completely transformed the traditional bankcustomer relationship in recent years.It has reduced personal contacts between the assist providers and the customers (Barnes and Howlett, 1998). The scenario is further changed with increased c ompetition among banks and non-bank financial institutions (Zineldin, 1996). therefore an enhanced perceptiveness of why some people adopt one distributional channel and others do not, alongside an realization of the factors that may model this decision is vital to investigate (Patricio, cc3). Thus, the deployment of advanced technologies is essential to achieve a militant edge.In the world of banking, the development of information engineering science has an enormous effect on development of more flexible payments methods and more-user friendly banking assistants. Recently, the banking industry was highly affected by the technology evolution that transformed the focal point banks deliver their services, using technologies such(prenominal) as automated fibber machines, phones, the Internet, assign circulars, and electronic cash. In seam with global trends, electronic banking in Pakistan has been undergoing many changes.Electronic banking is a term for the process by which a customer may perform banking dealings electronic altogethery without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution. Electronic banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal reckoner (PC) or other intelligent device. There are many benefits of e-banking as it provides easy way to admonisher an account, we can shop, pay bills, buy items at auction, and transfer money from anywhere at any time, it reduces costs, it saves time, and vice versa.Objectives This study focuses on sensory faculty and adoption of electronic banking in Pakistan. Our objectives of this research were to 1. Check sentience of electronic banking in Pakistan. 2. Check why people are not aware of electronic banking. 3. Know if the people are aware of electronic banking then to how much extent. 4. Check whether banks of Pakistan are providing electronic banking or not. 5. To adjust the critical attributes that custome rs expect grave while using electronic banking. 6.To find the key variables that affect customers evaluations towards risk associated with electronic banking. 7. To understand the relationship between demographic characteristics of customers and their perceptions towards electronic banking. 8. To present results and implications which are insightful to researchers and banks fire in electronic banking. This research is in-chief(postnominal) because it tells bankers that how much people in Pakistan are aware of and adopt the electronic banking and to how much extend. It also tells them to improve their e-banking services in Pakistan.Electronic banking in Pakistan State-owned banks dominated the Pakistani financial market before 1990. The government introduced economic liberalization policies in 1991 when twain smaller banks, Moslem Commercial posit and Allied Bank were privatized. Since then, the government continuously advocated the privatization of existing state-owned enterpr ises and boost the private and unknown banks to setup their businesses in the country. Recent acquisition of locally owned Union Bank by cadence Chartered Bank indicates foreign interest in domestic financial market.According to State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) annual report (2005), there were 35 commercial banks, including 16 private banks (with 797 branches), 11 foreign banks (with 82 branches), 4 privatized banks (with 4,141 branches) and 4 public banks (with 1,543 branches), respectively. Electronic banking is an innovation in the series of technological wonders. Automated teller machine (ATM), telephone banking, internet banking, credit cards and debit cards, etc. lead emerged as effective delivery conduct for traditional banking products.In Pakistan, foreign banks took a lead by introducing ATM and credit cards in mid-1990s followed by domestic banks in late 1990s. Annual Report of SBP (2003, p. 110) explained this delay in electronic banking largely by regulatory hurdles, h igher startup costs, an ongoing banking sectors reforms and lack of technical skills. The government also introduced Electronic Transaction Ordinance in 2002. This ordinance provides legal recognition to digital signatures and documentation. Thus reducing the risks associated with the use of electronic medium of business.At present, almost all commercial banks in Pakistan take hold setup their ATM networks, issuing debit and credit cards and pick out joined one of the two operating ATM Switch Networks. According to Kolachi (2006) Pakistani banks provide the sideline online banking services and products. 1. Enquiry, account contestation enquiry, account balance enquiry, check statement enquiry, fixed baffle enquiry 2. Payment, funds transfer, credit card payments, direct payments, utility bills payments 3. Request, checkbook request, stop payment request, demand draft request, natural fixed deposit request 4.Download, customer profile, statement download, other information and guidelines downloads. 4 Literature review Consumers perceptions towards adoption of electronic banking have attracted many researchers in recent years. Thornton and White (2001) who compared seven distribution electronic channels unattached for banks in US concluded that customers orientation such as convenience, service, technology change, knowledge almost work out and availability of internet affected the usage of different channels.According to Hagel and Hewlin (1997) the Internet banking became very attractive to customers and scads of banks because the technology is being accepted by them and they can now understand and have information nigh the complex products. zero(prenominal)adays banks are also facing a lot of competition and need a high market share and provide better services to its customers so that they can attract the new customers and old customers do not try to leave them. Howcroft et al. 2002) name that the most important factors that have encouraged consum ers to use online banking are lower fees followed by reducing paper work and human error which afterwards minimize the human disputes (Kiang et al. , 2000). Byers and Lederer, (2001 ) concluded that it was changing consumer attitudes rather than bank cost structures that determines the changes in distribution channels they added that virtual banks can only be profi shelve when the segment that prefers electronic media is approximately twice the size of it of the segment preferring street banks.Decrease in percentage of customers visiting banks with an increase in alternative channels of distribution will also minimize the queues in branches (Thornton and White, 2001). Internet banking increases power of the customers to make price parity across suppliers quickly and easily, which subsequently pushes the price and margins downwards (Devlin, 1995). Although, electronic banking provides many opportunities for the banks, it is also the case that the occurrent banking services provi ded through Internet are circumscribed due to protective covering concerns, complexity and technological problems (Sathye, 1999 Mols, 1999).Risks associated to electronic banking Although internet provides many opportunities for banks but it is the case that current banking services through internet are limited due to credentials concerns, complexity and technological problems (Mols, 1999 Sathye, 1999). Hewer and Howcroft (1999) referred the term trust to measure a risk. While, Suganthi et al. (2001) viewed risk in context of security concerns and risk in context of trust in ones bank. Finally, a number of studies also found trust and perceived risks have a significant positive influence on ommitment (Bhattacherjee, 2002 Mukherjee and Nath, 2003) and ultimately leads towards overall satisfaction (Rexha et al. , 2003). Reputation of a service provider is another important factor affecting trust. Doney and Cannon (1997) defined reputation as the extent to which customers believe a supplier or service provider is honest and concern most its customers. Tyler and Stanley (1999) argued that banks can build close and long relationship with customers only if trust, commitment, honesty and cooperation are developed between them. Nancy et al. 2001) study found that customers complaint nigh computer logon time which are usually longer than making a telephone call. Further, the respondents felt that they have to check and recheck the forms filled online, as they are worried astir(predicate) making mistakes. Frequent slow repartee time and delay of service delivery causes customers to be unsure slightly the completion of a transaction (Jun and Cai, 2001). Min and Galle (1999) found crashes in operating systems and disruption of information access as common factors connect to unwillingness to use internet channels for commerce.Liao and Cheung (2002) found that individual expectations regarding accuracy, security, transaction speed, user friendliness, user pursuit and convenience are the most important attributes in the perceived usefulness of internet-based e-retail banking. Confidentiality of consumer data is another important concern in adoption of online banking (Gerrad and Cunningham, 2003). Customers fear about someones unlimited access to personal financial information. White and Nteli (2004) focused on why the internet usage has not been increased in UK as compared to internet usage for banking purposes?Results found that the customers still have concerns about the security and safety aspects of the internet. inadequacy of internet accessibility and a provision of documentary evidence for all proceedings are found important hurdles in the development of electronic banking in Thailand (Jaruwachirathanakul and Fink, 2005). Laforet and Li (2005) found that habit of carrying cash, little accessibility of internet and documentary proof of financial transaction as important hurdles in adoption, in case of China.Lack of specific laws to govern internet banking is another important concern for users. It covers issues such as unfair and deceptive trade practice by supplier, unauthorized access by hackers. Larpsiri et al. (2002) argued that it is not clear whether electronic documents and records are acceptable as sufficient evidence of transactions. Another issue is the jurisdiction of the courts and dispute resolution procedures in case of using internet for commercial purpose. Dispute can make grow from many issues. For instance, websites is not branch of the bank.It is difficult for the court to define location of branch and decide whether they have jurisdiction (Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece, 2003). Other risks associated to electronic banking are job losses, lack of opportunities to socialize and development of lazy orderliness were mentioned by (Black et al. , 2001). Demographic factors Gender alone is not a significant factor, affecting adoption of technology in general (Gefen and Straub, 1997). However, Kol odinsk et al. (2004) found that married couples are more likely to adopt the new technology than either single young-begetting(prenominal)s or womanishs.Research has also linked age and adoption of technology, as issue people are more likely to adopt technology (Lee et al. , 2002). Maturity in population in terms of knowledge, confidence and comfort in computer usage also increase influence towards online banking (Karjaluoto et al. , 2002). maturation in income and education have found positive effects on adoption (Lockett and Littler, 1997 Sarel and Marmorstein, 2003). Mattilia et al. (2003) indicated that young, educated and plastered consumers are most likely to adopt internet banking in Finland.Mature customers prefer personal service and a printed receipt of their transactions. Mature customers also perceive internet banking to be more costly than paying(a) bills over the counter. Methodology The study was conducted in Lahore city which is the second largest city of Pakist an and represents almost 20% of all branches network. Branches for survey were selected on convenience basis but after the permission of respective branch managers. vista covered both residential and commercial areas.In this research data is conducted by using questionnaire as a data collection instrument, in which questions were asked starting from their command on computer and internet usage, following with the awareness of electronic banking and its types, about the benefits of e-banking and then some questions regarding their bank services and the security provide by these banks. The questionnaire includes close-ended questions and they were on liker scale of utilizing a five point categorical. IV. EMPIRICAL RESULTS There is table which shows gender wise(p) association with research questions No. Question Gender Total P values Male pistillate 1 Aware of electronic banking 196 200 396 0. 011 2 Your bank provides electronic banking facility 190 195 385 0. 000 3 Aware of SMS banking 196 195 391 0. 036 4 Aware of profits banking 189 198 387 0. 010 5 Aware of ATM card usage 193 198 391 0. 054 6 Aware of headphone banking 193 199 392 0. 272 7 Satisfied with the E-banking services provided by bank 192 198 390 0. 08 8 Satisfied with the security of E-banking provide by bank 191 195 386 0. 068 9 Want to use e-banking facilities in future 194 197 391 0. 000 Table shows the different questions and their association with gender. First question is about awareness of electronic banking. Total respondents who answered this question were 396 in which 196 were male respondents and 200 were female respondents. Its result shows that awareness of electronic banking is pendent on gender.Next question was answered by 385 total respondents from which the amount of male and female were 190 and 195 respectively. Its results show that providing e-banking services by banks were highly dependent on gender. Third one is about awareness of SMS banking which was answered by 196 male and 195 female respondents. Its result shows that awareness of SMS banking is also dependent on gender. Now the next question is about Internet banking awareness which was answered by 189 male respondents and 198 female respondents and its result shows that awareness of internet banking is dependent on gender.Next question is about awareness of ATM card usage. Total 391 respondents answered that question from which the amount of male and female were 193 and 198 respectively. It results shows that awareness of ATM card usage is not dependent on gender. Now there is a question about Phone banking awareness so total 392 respondents answered that question from which 193 were male and 199 were female and its result shows that phone banking awareness is not dependent on gender.Now the seventh question was asked by respondents about their satisfaction about e-banking services providing by their banks and total 390 answered that question and its result shows that satisfaction about e-banking services providing by banks is depends on gender. Now there is second last question which was answered by 191 male and 195 female respondents and its result shows that satisfaction about security of e- banking providing by banks is not depends on gender. Last question is about the using e-banking service in future and its results are highly dependent on gender. Aware of electronic banking strongly disaccord disagree neutral agree strongly agree Total Gender Male 13 28 46 64 45 196 Female 31 32 53 57 27 200 Total 44 60 99 121 72 396 Now there is a table which shows the commentary of the question, Aware of electronic banking. It shows the amount of respondents from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The highest figures of people are agreed about awareness of e-banking.In male respondents 64 were agree which is 33% of total male respondents. Likewise, in female respondents 57 were agreeing about it which is 29% of total females. High Post No. Question Primary school Secondary Graduate Graduate Frequency P-values 1 Aware of electronic banking 8 7 10 195 164 384 0. 000 2 Use debit or credit cards for online transactions 8 6 8 191 163 376 0. 008 3 Aware of ATM card usage 8 7 10 193 163 381 0. 030 Aware of PHONE banking 8 7 10 194 161 380 0. 155 5 Feel risk about hacking of passwords 8 7 10 192 161 378 0. 555 6 Satisfied with the E-banking services provide by bank 8 7 9 191 163 378 0. 269 more(prenominal) trust on the bank 7 employees with communication than E-banking 8 7 10 191 163 379 0. 680 8 Want to use e-banking facilities in future 8 7 9 192 163 379 0. 69 In this table there is a demographic of education whose relationship with research questions is given in abov e table. No. Age Question Below 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - in a higher place Frequency P-values 19 29 39 49 59 60 1 Have full command on computer 91 241 30 16 10 3 391 0. 034 2 Involved in banking transactions 91 239 30 14 14 3 391 0 Awareness of usefulness of electronic banking 91 238 30 16 14 3 392 0. 004 4 Your Banks provides online technical assistance or 24 helpline 88 240 30 16 14 3 391 0. 002 5 Use debit or credit cards for online transactions 90 237 30 16 14 3 390 0 6 Aware of INTERNET banking 91 238 29 14 14 3 389 0. 443 Aware of PHONE banking 91 240 30 16 14 3 394 0. 105 8 It provides easy way to monitor a account 91 242 30 16 14 3 396 0. 019 9 Feel risk about hacking of passwords 91 239 30 16 13 3 392 0. 089 10 Have easy access to ATM machine 88 240 30 16 13 3 390 0 11 Satisfied with the E-banking services provide by bank 90 240 30 16 13 3 392 0. 47 12 Satisfied with the security of E-banking provide by bank 89 239 28 16 13 3 388 0. 004 13 More trust on the bank employees with communication than E-banking 90 241 30 16 13 3 393 0. 036 Above table shows the relationship of research questions with age. In first question it is asked about command on computer. This question was answered by total 391 respondents from which from which 91 respondents had age less than 19.